Yarn and process of making the same



May 18 1926.

w. NANFELDT YARN AND PROCESS OF MAKING-THE SAME Filed April 17, 1925 0o 0 o :n: :n: Em CID II-D DID 32 5'1; En: a3 m 24 I 5INVENTOR ATTORNEY "merited ag! 18, 19526.;

TJE S W A v A I or nnw HAVEN, ool ltncrrou'r, ASSIGNOR, To WonLn ,Bnsros CORPORATION, 015 NEW YORK, N.;'Y., A co'iarona'rronpr DELAWARE;

Yann Ann rrtocnss or MAKING THE same.

Application filed April- 17, 1925. Serial No. 23,?77.

This invention relates to an improved yarn and process for inaking'the same. The

*invention relates more specifically to a yarn having characteristic advantages for use in t friction fabrics such asbrake and transmission linings.

Stated in general terms, the invention consists ina new type of yarn in which jute or va vegetable fibre having similar properties 10 is twisted about a twisted strand containing paper or asbestos material in the form of a paper strip and a'core of cotton fibre. The invention consists also in a yarn making process in whichtheoriginal jute strand is, in

15 forming the completed yarn, partially untwiisted during the twisting of the paper strip of asbestos. 4

' In my co-pending" application, filed April 6, 1925, Serial No. 21,087, have described 20' a yarn and a process and apparatus for making the same in which asbestos paper strip,

and resistance to frictional wear and the glazing action of heat and oils.

While useful in many ways, the yarn of the co-pending case is for. some purposes del5 ficient in elasticity and strength, especially whenfemploye'd in certain types of friction fabrics and, moreover, itdoes 'n'otglend it self With-highest efiiciency to weaving op erations Anim'portant object'of the present invention consists in the provision of a yarn structure in which jute-and asbestos are combined in a manner to give maximum elasticity. Anlobject also is the, provision of a yarn f formed-of twisted asbestos paper -s t rip"-a nd (vegetable fibre in which the vegetable fibre has a portion "of its original twist;- A fun:

. therr-objeetlalso-jis to provide. a yarn'which mit weaving-without rupture'of the asbestos fibre strip forming a component pa rtfof theyarn ,1 Varigiis. othenobjects of theiliyention relate to yam {structure having particularl-j utility for -'-.frietion fabrics and adapted to withstand wear in the presence of heata'nd 0'11; and to considerations-relating to details of the process and product such as willappear on reference .to the appended specificatron, and the accompanying drawings, in Which+v I Figure 1- is-a viewbf a mechanism for supporting and feeding the yarn composing elements into the twisting mechanism;- I Figure 2 is a view of an apparatus employed in a second-step of the process of makingthe yarn;

Figure. 3-, is a detail showing the guides for the paper strip;

Figure t is a view of a; section of the completed' yarn;

:Figure' 5 is a detail 0f the feed resisting unit; and y Ifigure 6 is a part sectionof the feed resisting unit. c

In the process of the present invention,

I employ as component elements of the com-' pleted yarn structure, asbestos fibre in'the form of paper strip and vegetable fibrein the form of strands of jute or cotton or of both jute and cotton or of other vegetable. fibres having similar characteristics. The asbestos fibreis preferably agglomerated in} to paper. .strips, the mineral fibresbeing held togetherby a binder, such as starch. As a core element of-the yarn, a cord per strand of cotton is employed Which'is adapted to be twisted with the paper strip and form a' primary strandtherewith about which subsequently a strand of vegetable. fibre, such as jute, is twisted to 'formfthe preliminary yarn. For reasons as will ap pear'hereafter, the cotton core has originally a suitable degree of twists to the-left-asfed into the twister mechanism and the jute or externally wound'strand also has asuitabledegree. ofJtwists' to the left;

. Referring'to Figure 1 of the drawing', I

have Shown apparatus similar to-that described in myco-endi'ng- 'application',.- filed "porting spools "of cotton and jute or-simflar' forming elements-or strands into the'g twiifsti'ng-- device 10.- Fixed 'to' the pluralityof April 6, 1925, Serial -No. 21,087, {'foi-i su'p' l for guiding the movementyof said-yarn the various spools and guides are supported Depending from the beam 12 are brackets 16, 17 and 18 intermediate which are placed the spools 19and 20, the spool 19 carrying the cotton cord 21, and the spool 20 the jute cord 22.

The cotton cord is led downward through a pig tail guide 23 mounted on the cross beam 13, and a clamping device 24 through which the strand is led for the purpose of retarding the movement thereof and exerting a sufficient degree of tension thereon to maintain the same free of knots and unde- 'sirable twists. This clamping device consists i fixed plate. The movable plate 28 is pivoted on the bracket 31 and is normally maintained yieldably in closed position relativeto the fixed plate by means of a lever 32 pivoted on the bracket 31 and having one end contacting against the pivoted plate 28 and the other end beyond the pivot attached to the Weight 33 whereby the lever tends to maintain the movable plate in closed position.

It is apparent that with the cord passing through .the device intermediate the two plates that considerable frictional grip is placed thereon which tends to yieldably resist movement of the cord or strand 21 through the same. I Beyond the clamping device- 24, the strand 21 is led through a circular porcelain guide 34 supported from the beam 14 at which point it is combined with the asbestos strip 35 and through the friction cylinder 36 supported on the beam 15 where it is combined with the jute strand and thence into the.

twister 10.

-The asbestos paper utilized in the formation of the yarn is preferably in the form of a narrow continuous strip wound as a roll,

cut or slitted from the original wide paper roll. This narrow roll of paper strip is placed on the tray 40 extending horizontally from the standard 11 of the supporting framevintermediate the beams 14 and 15 in such position as to permit feeding of the strip from the center of the roll to guides 41, 42 and 43 suspended from .the beam 14 adjacent the guide ring 34. The guides 41 and 43 are fixed While the guide 42 is pivotally supported so that it may be moved into or out of line with the, line of centers of guides 41 and 43, in this manner permitting variation in the frictional resistance applicable to the strip as it passes through the guides. The strip is needle'd through these various guides 41, 42 and 43 or if the strip is mechanically weak, through two or one of these guides and thence into' the main axial guide 34' into union with the core strand 21.

The tray 40 is preferably formed with up standing edges 45 so that a small amount of water may be retained therein for the purpose of moistening the absorbent paper of the asbestos rolls in order to loosen the binder in the paper and permit easier working of the strip in the twisting operations.

The jute cord or strand 22 is led from the spool 20 adjacent the spool 19 through a clamping device 24 with the exception that the pig tail guide 51 is placed at the base of the device instead of at the top as in the previously described mechanism; From the guide 51, the jute strand is led into a circular guide 52 supported by a. bracket 53 from the beam 15 so as to maintain the guide adjacent to but slidably displaced from the vertical axis of the twister, as shown clearly in Figure 1. From this guide 52, the jute is led into union with the combined cotton strand 21 and the paper strip 35 in the friction cylinder 36 and thereon into the twister 10.

- The twisting device'lO is of well known construction consisting essentially in combined rotatable feed mechanism and twisting mechanism. The twist mechanism includes a tube on which is fixed a pulley 61 with a grooved periphery in which a pulley cord 62 is adapted to be seated and to impart power thereto. The tube 60 terminates at its base in a cross bar 63, the ends of which carry stub shafts 64 and 65. The

upper ends of these shafts carry pinions 66 e and 67 and the lower ends terminate in a second cross bar 68, therebeing provided on these shafts guide pulleys 69 and 70 for the proper positioning and feeding of the yarn as will be described hereafter. The cross bar 68 also supports at either end rods 71 and 72, the ends of which terminate in pig. tail guides 73'and 74.

The feeding mechanism includes a tube 75 enclosing the tube 60, the upper end of which is integral with the power pullcy' 7 6 havinga periphery which is grooved to receive the cord 77. The lower end of the tube 75 supports a gear 78 which meshes with pinions 66 and 67. The tube 75 is rotatably supported by the sleeve 79 fixed. to the bracket 80.

It is necessary; of course, to provide means for reciprocating the spool 83 while the twister is in operation and I have indicated in Figures 1 and 2 mechanism which may be employed for this purpose. The spool 83 is slidably and rotatably mounted on the twister support 85 which is rotatably mounted in the base bracket 86. A lever" arm 87, pivoted at 88 on an adjacent portion of theframe, is employed to reciprocate the spools 83 and 95, the lever having amaze contact rollers 89 and 100 at opposite ends, the roller 100 contacting with the base of the spool and the roller 89 contacting with a heart-shaped cam 101 pivotally mounted for rotationadjacent the roller'89 and contacting therewith. It is apparent that rotation of the cam 101 will cause reciprocation ofthe yarn spools with a delay of movement of the same at either limit of movement, this type of reciprocation per- -n1 itting proper application of the yarn on 'the spool.

the guide 81 over the various stub shaft guides 69and 70 and through the guide 82 and pig tail guides 74 onto the spool 83.

fee

Power is then applied to the pulleys 7 6 and- 61, the speed. of rotation of the pulleys being predetermined by the number of twists per inch desire-d in the twisted product as wound on the spool 83. The twister is given such a speed of rotation so, as to impart to'the asbestos paper strip a twist of approximately 3 turns per inch to the right in the'advancing direction of the yarn, this right handed turn, it will be observed, removing a portion of the left hand twist in both the cotton core and the jute strand,

. these elements having left handed twists as previously indicated, the final twisted prodnot having therein. paper strip with 3 turns per inch to the right and cotton and jute strands with approximately 1% turns per inch'to the left.

The initial twist normally present in the jute and cotton and the reverse twist in the strip are for a specific purpose. It has been found that a stronger yarn is obtained when the cord elements of the yarn are not completely untwisted. Where the jute strand, for example, is twisted in reverse relation to its normal condition so as to' completely untwist the same, the fibres loosen and tend to bunch andmake bulky the woven strands, thereby making the yarn of poor quality for weaving purposes. This result frequently comes about also that when the jute is untwiste'd and twisted'in thereverse direction as the fibres become freed at the point of change of direction of twist. It is therefore desirable that a portion of the original. twist be maintained in the jute strand and while this isnot so important in the cotton strand which is relatively weaker and less stifi' than jute, the principle is nevertheless advantageously applicable to the cotton strand.

It may be mentioned further that while a The I yarn is led through the central tube about complete untwisting of the component' strand of the yarn is undesirable, a partial untwisting is of value in that the partially" loosened fibres tend to combine and unite more freely and .closely with the moistened asbestos paper strip in the twisting opera tion, thereby compacting the yarn elements together and forming a more uniform product.

The first step of the process as above de-' scribed is for the purpose of producing a preliminary yarn, the strands of which in con unctlon with the paper strip are relatively loosely twisted togetherso as to permit an initial yarn formation with the component' parts asnearly parallel as possible.

This is desirable as a large number of twists in the preliminary yarn will diminish the strength of the same, the strands assuming a pronounced spiral formation, and, consequently, the first step of the process is utilized to combine .the strands and the strip in proper relationship with eachother and in such formation as togive maximum tensile strength. a I

The second step of the process involves a twisting operation which increases the num- 1 her of twists per inch of the preliminary yarn, as formed-by the first process step, to approximately 6 turns to the right per inch in the direction in which the yarn is fed into the twister. While the yarn is still moist, the spool 83 is positioned on a pin 9H inclined at a slight angle upwardly from the horizontal as shown in Figure 2, so that the upper and lower edge of the spool has frictional contact with the supporting beam 91. The preliminary yarn 92 is then led into a second twister which in construction is similar to the twister 10 employed in thefirst ste of the rocess and ivin an in- D b turns to theinch to the right, whichis wound ,on the spool 95 ready for use in the weaving or other operations.

The 'final yarn is illustrated'in Figure 4 with portions of the component elements unravelled from the-loose end, the core 96 being of cotton, the strand 97 being of jute and the strip 98 being of asbestos fibre. The twisting operation is'such as to bring varicreased number of twists, approximating 6 ous elements to thesurface of the finished yarn so that thewvearing surface of the yarnis composed of both vegetable and mineral fibre, mineral fibre consisting of asbestos and the vegetable fibre, consisting .of jute. It should be observed that the area per inch of asbestos is appreciably greater than that of the combined areaof the vegetable strands of the yarn so that when the yarn is woven into fabric utilized for frictional purposes such as brake lining or transmission lining for automobiles, the fabric very effectively resists the action. of heat. Moreover, by

reason of the fact thatthe asbestos surface is broken by spirals of. vegetable fibre, such it as jute,'-the tendency of the yarn surface to glaze is markedly diminished, the action of the vegetable fibre being apparently to supply a small measure of lubricant to the braking surface through its superior absorptive action and also to afford channels brought about through the more rapid deterioration of the vegetable fibre inwhich oil and carhop and various foreign substances may be deposited. The advantage of the diminutionof the glazing action is that chattering of the brake lining and sticking, such as arise when the brake lining surface is vitreous in. ts surface composition, is obvious.

An important feature relating both to the yarnand the process for making same resides in-the use of asbestos paper-like material or strips or bands of asbestos material bound together-with sufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity and adapted for yarn manufacture. It should be understood that the term asbestos material, wherever it appears in the specification and claims, is intended to refer to material having a substantial percentage of asbestos fibres, such as to give more or less the characteristics of asbestos as far as working and handling are concerned, and the term asbestos material where used in the specification and claims shall be considered as thusdefined.

In the description of theprocess hereinabove made, I have specified the use of cotton as a core strand and jute as an external strand, but in my investigations of yarn structure, I have found that these particular strands may be varied providedj substances having similar physical characteristics are employed. For instance, I have found thatv a yarn having a cotton core and also a cotton external strand is flexible andpossessed of high degree of tensile strength and a sufiicient amount of elasticity to work up readily into woven fabrics and I contemplate the utilization of yarn of this type in the application of my process. Various other modifications of the process such as come within the spirit of the invention may, of course, be made, such changes coming within the scope of the claims hereunto appended.

' I desire to claim as my invention:

1. A process for making yarn which in-' cludes twisting in a certain direction a paper strip with a core element having a normal twist in the opposite direction to form a strand; and subsequently twisting said strand with a strand of jute fibres.

2. A process for making yarn which includes twisting a paper strip with a core element to form a strand, subsequently twisting the strand with a strand of jute fibre to form a preliminary yarn, and finally twisting the preliminary yarn upon itself to increase the closeness of twists thereof.

3. The process for making yarn which includes twisting a paperstrip with a strand of twisted vegetable fibres to form a strand unit, and subsequently twisting said strand unit with a second vegetable fibre strand twisted in the same direction as the first strand, in a direction to untwist both of said strands of vegetable fibre.

4. A process for makingyarn which includes twisting together a twisted cotton core strand and a strip of asbestos paperlike material, subsequently twisting said core strand and said strip with a strand of jute fibre to form a preliminary yarn structure and finally closely twisting said preliminary yarn structure to form a closely twisted final yarn.

5. A process for making yarn which includes twisting a non-mineral fibre core strand with paper strip to form a strand unit subsequently twisting in the same direction said unit with an oppositely twisted strand of vegetable fibre to forma preliminary yarn, and finally twisting said preliminary yarn more closely to form a final yarn.

6. A process for making yarn which includes twisting together a core strand of vegetable fibre and a strip or band of asbestos paper-like material to form' a preliminary strand unit and subsequently twisting said unit with an oppositely twisted strand of vegetable fibre to' untwist said twisted strandofvegetable fibre.

7. A process for making yarn which includes twisting in one direction an oppositely twisted cotton core strand and an asbestospaper-like strip to form a preliminary strand unit and subsequently twisting said strand unit in the same direction with an oppositely twisted strand of jute fibre, and finally tightly twisting the strand unit and the strand of jute fibre to form a completed .yarn.

paper strip wrapped around said core strand and a looselytwisted strand of jute fibre wrapped about said asbestos paper strip.

11. An asbestos yarn including a relatively soft core strand and a, cover therefor formed of asbestos paper strip and jute fibre providing alternate areas of asbestos and jute on the surface of the yarn.

12. A yarn comprising'a cotton core, a cover for said core formed from asbestos paper-like material bound together with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity and adapted for yarn manufacture and loosely twisted jute wrappedabout said paper-like material.

13. A process of making yarn which includes twisting in one direction an oppositely twisted core strand of cotton fibre with an untwisted strip of asbestos paper like material, and subsequently twisting in the same direction the strand of cotton fibre and the paper strip with a strand of jute having a normal twist opposite to that imparted in the twisting of the yarn forming operation. I

14. A process of making yarn which includes twisting in one direetion'an oppositely twisted core strand of cotton fibre with an untwisted strip of asbestos paper-like material, subsequently twisting in the same direction the strand of cotton fibre and the paper strip with a strand of jute having a normal twist opposite to that imparted in the twisting of the yarn forming operation, and subsequently imparting a closer twist to said strands and, paper'strip to form a final yarn. I a

In testimony whereof, I 'aflix my signature.

WILLIAM NANFELDT. 

